- HashMap的底层主要是基于数组和链表来实现的，它之所以有相当快的查询速度主要是因为它是通过计算散列码来决定存储的位置。HashMap中主要是通过key的hashCode来计算hash值的，只要hashCode相同，计算出来的hash值就一样。如果存储的对象对多了，就有可能不同的对象所算出来的hash值是相同的，这就出现了所谓的hash冲突。学过数据结构的同学都知道，解决hash冲突的方法有很多，HashMap底层是通过链表来解决hash冲突的。
- JDK1.6中HashMap采用的是位桶+链表的方式，即我们常说的散列链表的方式，而JDK1.8中采用的是位桶+链表/红黑树的方式，也是非线程安全的。当某个位桶的链表的长度达到某个阀值的时候，这个链表就将转换成红黑树。也就是说原来如果hash不理想，所有都落入同一个桶就变成的单链表，现在只要大于8个在同一个桶里面，就会转化为红黑树，提升效率。
- 原来jdk1.7中resize是通过链表头插入的，jdk1.8是通过链表尾插入。可能有人会觉得1.7这样会更快，但是这样容易产生hash碰撞。如果它知道我们用的是哈希算法，它可能会发送大量的请求，导致产生严重的哈希碰撞。然后不停的访问这些 key就能显著的影响服务器的性能，这样就形成了一次拒绝服务攻击（DoS）
解释下比较重要的几个变量：
loadFactor： 加载因子，默认是0.75
threshold：临界值，元素数量大于这个就resize。第一次resize的时候默认16*0.75截取int，其他时候每次扩容都扩大一倍，超过2^32取2^32。
table: 存储实体数组，类型是Node<K,V>
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| public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable{
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4;
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
transient int size;
transient int modCount;
int threshold;
final float loadFactor;
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
}
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
int n = cap - 1;
n |= n >>> 1;
n |= n >>> 2;
n |= n >>> 4;
n |= n >>> 8;
n |= n >>> 16;
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}
}
|
Node类似一个单链表
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| static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
}
|
(h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16)
当计算到hash值的时候可以轻松计算出位置
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| final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1)
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) {
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
|
resize
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| final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1;
}
else if (oldThr > 0)
newCap = oldThr;
else {
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else {
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
|
其中：
1.每次扩容都是按2倍扩容
2.假如原来元素在5的位置，原来容量为16，临界值为12，扩容后容量为32。
（1）e.hash & (newCap - 1) = e.hash % (newCap)
(a) 指原来的 (b)指扩容后的
可以明显看到可能出现的两种结果，一种和原来保持一致，一种就到新的位置上去了，因为扩容两倍，原来在0101现在就在10101了。
（2）e.hash & oldCap = e.hash % (oldCap -1)
这样的原因是原来使用e.hash & (oldCap - 1) 已经把低位给hash过了，现在只要区分高位的数据是0还是1，放置的时候也只要 newTab[原索引 + oldCap]
LinkedHashMap里面的Entry很神奇的（如何实现有序的hashmap，其实就是在hashmap的Entry加入前后指针）。
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| static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> {
Entry<K,V> before, after;
Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, value, next);
}
}
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| final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash &&
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}
|
附：
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| static Class<?> comparableClassFor(Object x) {
if (x instanceof Comparable) {
Class<?> c; Type[] ts, as; Type t; ParameterizedType p;
if ((c = x.getClass()) == String.class)
return c;
if ((ts = c.getGenericInterfaces()) != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < ts.length; ++i) {
if (((t = ts[i]) instanceof ParameterizedType) &&
((p = (ParameterizedType)t).getRawType() ==
Comparable.class) &&
(as = p.getActualTypeArguments()) != null &&
as.length == 1 && as[0] == c)
return c;
}
}
}
return null;
}
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
static int compareComparables(Class<?> kc, Object k, Object x) {
return (x == null || x.getClass() != kc ? 0 :
((Comparable)k).compareTo(x));
}
|
http://www.cnblogs.com/leesf456/p/5242233.html
http://blog.csdn.net/zerohuan/article/details/50351357
http://www.tuicool.com/articles/Yruqiye
http://www.importnew.com/7099.html